Michelangelo Essays (1390 words) - Visual Arts, Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo Michelangelo Michelangelo was pessimistic in his poetry and an optimist in his artwork. Michelangelo's artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it's natural state. Michelangelo's poetry was pessimistic in his response to Strazzi even though he was complementing him. Michelangelo's sculpture brought out his optimism. Michelangelo was optimistic in completing The Tomb of Pope Julius II and persevered through it's many revisions trying to complete his vision. Sculpture was Michelangelo's main goal and the love of his life. Since his art portrayed both optimism and pessimism, Michelangelo was in touch with his positive and negative sides, showing that he had a great and stable personality. Michelangelo's artwork consisted of paintings and sculptures that showed humanity in it's natural state. Michelangelo Buonarroti was called to Rome in 1505 by Pope Julius II to create for him a monumental tomb. We have no clear sense of what the tomb was to look like, since over the years it went through at least five conceptual revisions. The tomb was to have three levels; the bottom level was to have sculpted figures representing Victory and bond slaves. The second level was to have statues of Moses and Saint Paul as well as symbolic figures of the active and contemplative life-representative of the human striving for, and reception of, knowledge. The third level, it is assumed, was to have an effigy of the deceased pope. The tomb of Pope Julius II was never finished. What was finished of the tomb represents a twenty-year span of frustrating delays and revised schemes. Michelangelo had hardly begun work on the pope's tomb when Julius commanded him to fresco the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel to complete the work done in the previous century under Sixtus IV. The overall organization consists of four large triangles at the corner; a series of eight triangular spaces on the outer border; an intermediate series of figures; and nine central panels, all bound together with architectural motifs and nude male figures. The corner triangles depict heroic action in the Old Testament, while the other eight triangles depict the biblical ancestors of Jesus Christ. Michelangelo conceived and executed this huge work as a single unit. It's overall meaning is a problem. The issue has engaged historians of art for generations without satisfactory resolution. The paintings that were done by Michelangelo had been painted with the brightest colors that just bloomed the whole ceiling as one entered to look. The ceiling had been completed just a little after the Pope had died. The Sistine Chapel is the best fresco ever done. Michelangelo embodied many characteristic qualities of the Renaissance. An individualistic, highly competitive genius (sometimes to the point of eccentricity). Michelangelo was not afraid to show humanity in it's natural state - nakedness; even in front of the Pope and the other religious leaders. Michelangelo portrayed life as it is, even with it's troubles. Michelangelo wanted to express his own artistic ideas. The most puzzling thing about Michelangelo's ceiling design is the great number of seemingly irrelevant nude figures that he included in his gigantic fresco. Four youths frame most of the Genesis scenes. We know from historical records that various church officials objected to the many nudes, but Pope Julius gave Michelangelo artistic freedom, and eventually ruled the chapel off limits to anyone save himself, until the painting was completed. The many nude figures are referred to as Ignudi. They are naked humans, perhaps representing the naked truth. More likely, I think they represent Michelangelo's concept of the human potential for perfection. Michelangelo himself said, "Whoever strives for perfection is striving for something divine." In painting nude humans, he is suggesting the unfinished human; each of us is born nude with a mind and a body, in Neoplatonic thought, with the power to be our own shapers. Michelangelo has a very great personality for his time. In Rome, in 1536, Michelangelo was at work on the Last Judgment for the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, which he finished in 1541. The largest fresco of the Renaissance, it depicts Judgment Day. Christ, with a clap of thunder, puts into motion the inevitable separation, with the saved ascending on the left side of the painting and the damned descending on the right into a Dantesque hell. As was his custom, Michelangelo portrayed all the figures nude, but prudish draperies were added by another artist (who was dubbed the "breeches-maker") a decade later, as the cultural climate became more conservative. Michelangelo painted his own image in the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew. Although he was also given another painting commission, the

buy custom The Murkurtu Archive essay

buy custom The Murkurtu Archive essay The Murkurtu Archive is a browser based digital archive built around the cultural protocols of the Warumungu Aboriginal community in Australias Northern Territory. The Mukurtu Archives serves as a source of indigenous heritage for the people of the Warumungu community which is found in Tennant Creek, N.T. Australia. This vast source of information was created by the community with the assistance of researchers such as Kimberly Chrixten, Craig Dietrich, Chris Cooney and Tim Dietrich. This archive is housed at the Nyinkka Nyunyu Art and Culture centre. This archive acts as a tool of preserving this communitys heritage and it tries to achieve rhetorical and cultural sovereignty of the Warumungu community. This center offers a chance for the people to add historical artifacts and also have rights in controlling the access and use of this artifact. The people of the Warumungu community use this archive to reproduce, transmit cultural knowledge and materials. The content is basically inclusive of the things and items that were found in the peoples culture and how they used them. These include the bush medicine, animals and other artifacts that the Warumungu community cherishes as their heritage. The structure of the content is divided in categories. The categories are further divided into subcategories and then individual files. Then the way to access particular information is throughquery. The uploaded information is stored in a database and in reference to the given categories you search for information you need. The categories are such as families which are the contents that based on the profile based content delivery and my collections which is generated by the users of the archive. Artifacts such as bush medicine, animals and other items are stored for peoples viewing. This categories are used to search for an item and then you further specify in the query the date when created then it is followed by the family which was involved to profile it. To access a particular item you will choose the sub category if bush medicine, artifacts, songs and dances, and many others. Then you choose the type of media that you need to use that is burn on a CD or print a hard copy. The content in the archive is termed to be in a safe place because every one can only access what they have password to. How it achieves cultural power and sovereignty It has restrictions and one person can not access information of other people. The Archive provides a cultural solution to the communitys concern over access to and the reproduction of the digitized versions of cultural materials and personal community photos. The community needed way to manage and maintain the cultural protocols surrounding the viewing, circulation and reproduction of these materials. The cultural protocols for example men could not view womens rituals in real offline life also on this site the restriction goes such as people from one country which is a specific area cannot view the things from another country without permission and family members do not view files of the deceased. To create the archive we leveraged the existing code of ethics and created a database based on logic, with mysql structure and interface features. This archive achieves rhetorical and cultural sovereignty in the way they manage the affairs of their community and the normal code of ethics followed in real life situations has also be implemented on the site. Thus there is complete control in the viewing, circulation and reproduction of these cultural materials and information. This is a success of the site. This site or archive tool emphasizes access, accountability and cultural protocols that guide the way people interact with sort, search for and reproduce cultural materials=, images and the knowledge associated with them. The archive not only for conservation but cultural system information management system and it is accessible through socially adaptable and culturally acceptable means. Improvement can be the specification of areas occupied by certain families or in other words mapping capabilities and also addition of public collections and the production of remix versions. Buy custom The Murkurtu Archive essay

Recommendation for award Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Recommendation for award - Essay Example During this period, I came to know Ms. Jessica Martinez very well. I observed the passion she put in her work and the professionalism with which she coordinated her activities. She normally efficiently managed her time. However, when the workload was too much, Ms. Jessica Martinez would leave later than usual. I have also observed her special attention to details. She always maintained very safe, clean, and organized working environment. Ms. Jessica Martinez is a highly devoted person. I would like to mention that Ms. Jessica Martinez has contributed a lot in starting-up and straightening this school. She has worked closely with the entire school’s committee to enhance the school’s prestige. She has worked hard to develop the school’s educational program and the extra-curricular activities. She is very committed to delivering high quality learning standards. In order to improve the student’s learning abilities and diversify the courses, she has identified unique teaching techniques. Ms. Jessica Martinez succeeds in creating a special connection with her students. They are truly fond of her, because she is very affectionate and protective towards them. She can immediately sense the children’s needs. She is also liked and respected by their parents. I remember once, a parent forgot her purse along with her credit cards, and Ms. Jessica Martinez immediately contacted the parent and returned the purse, under my supervision, following our schools’ internal procedures. In addition, I would like to stress that Ms. Jessica Martinez has a degree in early education. This degree will certainly make her more than qualified to become a

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Immigration - Essay Example The public of the Americans have been against large scale immigration. Majority of them prefer living with the familiar than getting an experience of working with this new group of people whom they fear may not adapt to the American way of life. They do this independent of considering the positive impact made by the immigrants. However, the opposition has been more on some groups and less on others. This has been majorly based on the risk of the Americans losing their jobs and privileges to the immigrants. They fear that the immigrants will take their places in the sectors like the workforce since the immigrant’s engagement has brought significant changes in America’s wages (The National Voter, 2007). According to The National Voter (2007), majority of the immigrants go for economic opportunity. This does not mean that they take societal resources. They equally contribute to the growth of the resources since they take part in economic development (The National Voter, 2007). They take up jobs regardless of the pay, which Native Americans cannot

Diversity at London Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games and Research Paper

Diversity at London Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympics Games Ltd - Research Paper Example The researcher states that diversity in the workforce can be categorized into these two aspects; functional level diversity and surface-level diversity. In today’s world firms need innovative ideas to sustain and flourish, a diverse workforce provides the proficiency to generate superb ideas for the company’s success. In order for LOCOG to stage a game for everyone, the corporation has the mandate to create a truly inclusive culture where diversity is valued and celebrated. Diversity is a fundamental part of the 2012 games and must remain at the heart of everything LOCOG does. Recruitment and development skills are critical components of achieving diversity objectives. LOCOG will establish the desired level of diversity for our workforce, suppliers, officials, and spectators, only by welcoming the world. Diversity management The human resource department can help LOCOG attain the vision of diversity by recruiting the workforce that is truly diverse, this workforce has t o incorporate all strands of diversity in disability, age, ethnicity, faith, and belief. The department should also regularly communicate the vision of diversity and inclusion to the workforce and stakeholders. The human resource department should also provide the workforce with the necessary tools that will enable them to integrate diversity and inclusion in their everyday work. Diversity management can help a LOCOG attain its mission in the following ways: 1. It will create a competitive advantage for the organization; members can provide the organization with knowledge resources. Diversity also produces a flexible, proactive and energized institution. 2. The organization will become more knowledgeable of the diverse customers; diverse members can understand and help customers who are similar to them. 3. Customers feel more comfortable when dealing with members of the organization, who seem similar to them, and that makes the customer feel an identity with the organization members . 4. Complex tasks usually require complex and collective input. This requires knowledge resources like skills information and different perspectives that can be provided by diverse members. 5. Diversity management will help LOCOG in increasing problem solving by providing a knowledge resource, diverse members can provide novel approaches, information, and immensely perspectives in the solving of the organizations’ problems.

Accounting System in QuickBooks for a Hospital

Accounting System in QuickBooks for a Hospital Introduction: Once the accounting system is installed in the hospital then the hospital records would be kept electronically. All the manual work would be shifted in the computer through the operators. This would lead to many benefits for the organization. First of all the cost of the hospital would be decreased and the time wold be saved for the staff. All the information for the medicines would be kept in the electronic form and it would be convenient for the operators to locate those easily. It will help in maintaining following works of the hospital. Services Management This module will deal with administrations gave by the healing center. Rate of administrations is charged by standards of clinic . It will think about board , Night Charges , Emergency charges , Age of patient and different parameters while ascertaining the rate of administrations for a specific patient. Patient Management Each patient treated in healing center will be given novel Patient ID which is helpful in following visits of patients. All patients information is advantageous for MRD purposes. OPD Management OPD Registration When a patient goes to the gathering work area, another enrollment number is naturally Allotted to him. His particular points of interest like Name, Age, Sex, Address and so forth and the administrations sought are feeded into the product. OPD Billing / Collection Billing of all OPD patients with complete subtle elements of Patient Information, Services gave like Consultation, Laboratory, X-beam, Ultrasound, Medicines, Procedures and so forth alongside Payment points of interest. Discharge Summary After the release of patient release synopsis could be consequently produced with simply few press of keys. Lab information can naturally be foreign. Distinguishing offering clever standard arrangement could be set. Laboratory Management As the test is busy at gathering solicitation is consequently send to research center. Lab can sustain the consequence later and prints alluring reports. Security Management Part base security will be give to client. Customer server building design will be accompanied. Pharmacy Management Complete drug store shop could be overseen through this module. Moreover it could be connected to fundamental charging. As patient gathers pharmaceuticals from drug store shop their charges will consequently exchange to patient charging. Payroll HRD Management Complete pay might be registered through this module. This module might be connected through Time machines additionally. All fundamental organizations might be created through this module. Accounts Management All buy , expenditures ,installments could be feeded in this module. Receipts might be specifically foreign made from OPD and IPD division. Accounting Information Systems Quickbooks is accounting programming that gives a simple and effective approach to gather and abridge accounting data. Furthermore, Quickbooks makes numerous distinctive reports that are functional when dealing with a business. The target of an accounting framework is to gather, condense, and convey data to leaders. Accounting data is utilized to: prepare tax returns to send to the IRS and state tax organizations. prepare financial statements for banks and gurus. prepare reports for chiefs and holders to utilize when settling on choices about the business. Such choices incorporate: Are our clients paying their bills on time? Which of our items are the most beneficial? Will we have enough money to pay our bills one month fro Transactions An accounting framework gathers data about transactions. As an organization behaviors business, it enters into transactions (or trades) with different gatherings, for example, clients, merchants, and representatives. Case in point, when a business offers an item to a client, there are two parts to the transaction: the business gives an item or administration to the client. in trade, the business gains money (or a guarantee to pay later) from the client. Double-entry accounting Double-entry accounting is utilized to record the two parts to a transaction: (1) the measure appropriated is a debit, and (2) the sum given is a credit. Each entry must equalization; debits must equivalent credits. Double-entry accounting has been utilized for over 500 years. In Italy in the year 1494, Luca Pacioli, a Franciscan minister, and Leonardo da Vinci teamed up on an arithmetic book that depicted double-entry accounting. The double-entry system was utilized by the shippers of Venice to record what was given and appropriated when exchanging. In a manual accounting system, accountants make debit and credit entries in a journal using paper and pencil. When using QuickBooks for your accounting system, you can enter accounting information in two different ways: (1) onscreen journal, and (2) onscreen forms. 1. Onscreen Journal. You can make debit and credit entries in an onscreen journal shown below. Instead of using the onscreen journal, you can use onscreen forms to enter information in QuickBooks. 2. Onscreen forms. One can enter data about transactions utilizing onscreen structures, for example, those appeared. Quickbooks naturally changes over data entered in onscreen structures into double-entry accounting entrances with debits and credits. Quickbooks administers a rundown of diary sections for all the transactions entered if entered utilizing the onscreen diary or onscreen structure Creating an Accounting System in QuickBooks Steps to create an accounting system using QuickBooks are: Set up a new company data file. Quickbooks utilizes an easy step Interview that gets some information about your business. Quickbooks then consequently makes an organization information index for your business. In Part I of this content, Exploring Quickbooks, you will utilize a specimen organization information document that has as of recently been made for you. In Part II, you will set up another organization utilizing the Easystep Interview. Create a Chart of Accounts. A chart of accounts is a rundown of every last one of records for an organization. Accounts are utilized to sort and track accounting data. Case in point, a business needs one record for Cash, an alternate record to track measures clients owe (Accounts Receivable), but then an alternate record to track stock. Quickbooks consequently makes a diagram of records in the Easystep Interview. Quickbooks licenses you to adjust the diagram of records later, in the wake of finishing the Easystep Interview. Create Lists. Quickbooks utilization records to record and arrange data about: customers vendors items (things sold and things acquired, for example, stock) employees other, (for example owners) Enter transactions. Enter data about transactions into Quickbooks utilizing the onscreen diary or onscreen structures, (for example, onscreen receipts and onscreen checks). Prepare reports. Reports outline and convey data around an organizations fiscal position and business operations. Monetary explanations are institutionalized money related reports provided for outer clients (brokers and moguls). Budgetary explanations abridge data about past transactions. The essential monetary proclamations for a business are: Balance sheet: condenses what an organization possesses and owes on a specific date. Profit and loss statement (or income statement): condenses what an organization has earned and the costs acquired to procure the salary. Statement of cash flows: compresses money inflows and money surges for working, contributing, and financing exercises of a business. Other financial reports are made for interior clients (supervisors) to support in deciding. A sample of such a report is a money plan that tasks measures of money that will be gathered and used later on. In Part I: Exploring Quickbooks, you will research Step 2: making a diagram of records; Step 3: making records; Step 4: entering transactions; and Step 5: planning reports. In Part II: Small Business Accounting, you will figure out how to set up another organization in Quickbooks and survey Steps 2 through 5. Advantages Disadvantages of QuickBooks: Regardless of what the way of your business, keeping an exact set of books is crucial. Without faultless business records, it will be challenging to draw in the financing you require in light of the fact that business records are for the most part the first thing potential banks and moguls need to see. Off base or confused business records can likewise make it troublesome to record your taxes, or even land you in heated water with the Internal Revenue Service. Utilizing Quickbooks to keep your business records gives you a chance to maintain a strategic distance from those potential issues. Ease of Use One issue with accounting projects is that a large portion of them are challenging to utilize and lumbering to take in. Quickbooks, then again, is intended to be natural and straightforward, actually for entrepreneurs who fail to offer an accounting or financial foundation. Integration The capacity to incorporate with different projects is an enormous preference of Quickbooks. In the wake of utilizing the item to enter the sum of their business salary and expenditures, entrepreneurs can without much of a stretch fare that information to their most loved tax planning project to make indexing wage taxes at any rate somewhat less tormenting. Quickbooks likewise incorporates well with Microsoft Excel, making it simple to import information from different sources and use it in Quickbooks. Customization Quickbooks gives various prepared to-utilize layouts entrepreneurs can use to make receipts, spreadsheets, outlines and strategies for success. The product additionally makes it simple to alter the look and feel of those records, providing for them to a lesser degree a treat cutter manifestation and bailing them to emerge in the swarm. The capacity to modify receipts could be especially advantageous, and entrepreneurs can include their organization logo as well as point by point data about each one line thing too. That makes it less demanding for clients to accommodate their receipts and pay them on time. Check Signing In the event that you sign a great deal of checks for your business, utilizing Quickbooks can spare you a ton of time. Quickbooks permits entrepreneurs to output and transfer their marks and utilize those marks to set up the checks for the business. This robotized methodology is much more straightforward and simpler than composing several checks by hand every month. Quickbooks, prepared by Intuit, is a prominent line of accounting programming promoted basically to little organizations and non-benefit associations. The product permits clients to deal with a mixed bag of financial records, including deals receipts, installments, tax structures, financial receipts and stock records. Since Quickbooks is so easy to utilize, most assignments might be finished without an in-profundity learning of accounting systems. Notwithstanding the products easy to understand nature, then again, there are various weaknesses customers ought to be mindful of before putting in the project. Lackluster Audit Trail One of the essential worries about Quickbooks is the products review trail. Bookkeepers, and in addition entrepreneurs , like an organizations stream of financial data to be in-profundity and overall archived. While Quickbooks does give a review trail to most data, there are a few circumstances where financial data could be changed without leaving any kind of documentation. Basically, this implies that the product leaves an escape clause that could possibly permit an organizations financial records to be altered. No Fixed-Asset Section Contingent upon how a customer utilizes the product, an alternate potential issue is that Quickbooks doesnt accompany a settled possession area. Intuit, understanding the oversight, now gives a differentiate report to posting an organizations altered possessions. Upgrade Fees Keeping in mind the end goal to stay up with the latest, there are various pricey overhauls that entrepreneurs may need to buy. Commonly, these redesigns are just obliged once a year to get the most up and coming payroll tables and different administrations. Outages Quickbooks Online Edition an administration that permits clients to pay a month to month expense to utilize the product through a protected web program -accompanies its own particular remarkable issues. While the online administration offers fewer characteristics than the desktop form of the product, the most genuine detriment is the historical backdrop of developed blackouts, which have happened in both 2009 and 2010. Bibliography Advantages using quickbooks . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-using-quickbooks-4933.html Disadvantages of QuickBooks. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/list_7499063_disadvantages-quickbooks.html ERP Solutions for Hospital Management. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.acsonnet.com/hospital.htm

vote for me :: essays research papers

It has been a year since the networks called the election for Al Gore, then for George W. Bush, which caused Gore to concede to Bush, after which the news of the closeness of the Florida vote caused Gore to retract his concession. Armies of lawyers then descended upon Florida and the nation was buried in a flurry of dimpled ballots and falling chads. Almost immediately, a number of influential academics, pundits, and political leaders seized the opportunity of confusion in Florida to blame the Electoral College and urge us to throw it out in favor of a simple national vote. Their cry for a more direct democracy makes a nice bumper sticker for their Volvos, but would it make good law? A new study released this week by the McConnell Center for Political Leadership at the University of Louisville casts doubt on the wisdom of those who would abolish our constitutional system of presidential elections and shows that much of what we think we know about the Electoral College is wrong. " Electing the President in the 21st Century" is based on survey responses of leading academic observers from across the nation. It provides sober warnings for those who would urge the abandonment of the system of presidential elections that has served the nation well for more than two centuries. Among the misunderstandings corrected by this study are several myths that have grown up around the Electoral College. Myth 1: An Election based on a national popular vote would have spared us the Florida debacle of hanging chads and dimpled ballots. Actually, the Electoral College saved us from a much worse national nightmare. The existence of the Electoral College that made the outcome of the election hinge on the winner of Florida's 25 electors served to focus the attention of the parties and the media in one state (and, in fact a few counties in that state). Imagine the trauma that would have befallen the nation in such a close election if a simple plurality of the national vote determined the outcome of the election? With just a few hundred thousand votes separating the candidates, every vote in every precinct, in every state would have been worthy of a recount and every recount in every county subject to suit and countersuit. When would it ever have ended? Myth 2: A direct national election would be more representative of the diversity of the nation.

Anger

Intense emotion like anger involves a great deal of bodily changes that occur as a result of activation of the sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. At one time or another every one feels angry. J. B. Wats mentioned that when goal-directed behaviour of a child is obstructed and interfered with, anger is manifested. Thus, anger is the outcome of restriction imposed against desires.In other words, frustrating situation on the way for a goal results in anger. The need for catharsis and role of learning also play significant role in anger. Catharsis refers to the release of anxiety and tension, pent-up feelings and dissatisfaction and emotions resulting from daily life struggle verbally and through actions. These are directed towards any one anything that causes anger in the adult person.Children learn to show attack and aggressive behaviours by observing cartoons, movies, and T. V. serial and aggressive models, Observation of live scenes of anger and aggressive behaviou r produces more imitation of specific anger action, in one of the experiments by Bandura (1973), nursery school children observed a movie when adults were showing varieties of aggressive behaviour toward an inflated doll.After observing the film both boys and girls demonstrated the same of aggressive behaviour toward the inflated doll. These aggressive responses include punching, throwing, striking with a hammer, kicking and pounding number of blows to the doll. Freud inferred from his observational studies of numerous patients and children that aggression is an inborn instinct. Lorenz too believed that anger aggressions are innate instincts with animals and human beings.This basic anger behaviour should have some outlets, such as competitive sports, hard labor such as gardening, walking, recognizing the stimulus that provokes anger aggression, a persuasive leader, and not rewarding any aggressive behaviour etc. Studies indicated in the past that rage- an extreme form of anger, rela tively uncontrollable – can be at times real and at times partial which are termed as â€Å"sham rage†. Sham rage was demonstrated in cats, dogs, primates and other animals by stimulating particular areas of brain, especially the hypothalamus.

Liquid Phase Chemical Reactors Essay Example

Liquid Phase Chemical Reactors Essay Example Liquid Phase Chemical Reactors Paper Liquid Phase Chemical Reactors Paper It is also used in the laboratories in obtaining design, interpretation of rate of reaction and numerical treatment of kinetics experimental data for different types of reacting systems. The use of a batch reactor for the most part eliminates the effects due to fluid flow on the resulting reaction rates. Consequently, the data reflect the intrinsic kinetics for the reaction being investigated. The objectives of this experiments To find the reaction rate constant in a batch stirred tank reactor for the specification of ethyl acetate with dilute sodium hydroxide. To determine the effect of temperature on reaction rate constant. To find the values of rate constant and Awareness parameters. Equipment used Arm field batch stirred tank reactor A stop clock A conductivity meter Water bath (tank) with a thermostat Funnel A heat controller Two flasks of one liter each and Stock solutions (0. 1 M sodium hydroxide and 0. MM ethyl acetate). The key results obtained include Table showing rate constant, , , in a batch stirred tank reactor. T( Rate constant/ 25 30 To conclude All the objectives where met as the results below shows and from those results there is a clear indication that conductivity is inversely proportional to he temperature also the reaction rate constant is directly proportional to the temperature . From the experiment it shows that in a batch reactor, since there is no inflow or outflow, the reactants concentration reduces with time. For an overall second order reaction (first order in both components) like the one that was done in the lab, the reaction rate is also dependent on the concentration of the reactants unlike a zero order reaction that is independent of the concentrations of the reactants. Conductivity of a solution decreases with time as the solution loses it ions, it will become less conductive. The things that I learnt doing this experiment are What I have learnt from this experiment was that conductivity is used instead of concentration may be since they both directly proportional to each other and affected with the same parameters. Also I have learnt how the rate Of a reaction could be increased or decreased by factors such as temperature. Introduction A batch reactor is used in chemical processes for small scale operation, for testing new processes that have not been fully developed, for the manufacturer of expensive products and for processes that are difficult to convert to continuous operations. The advantage of batch reactor is high conversion which be obtained by leaving the reactant in the reactor for long periods of time but it also has the disadvantages of high labor costs per batch and the difficulty of large scale production. In a batch reactor, all the reactants are loaded at once, the concentration then varies with time, but at any one time it is uniform throughout. Agitation serves to mix separate feeds initially and to enhance heat transfer. Batch reactors are popular in practice because of their flexibility with respect to reaction time and to the kinds and quantities of reactions that can process. The characteristic of batch reactor such as the total mass of each batch is mixed, each batch is a closed system and the reaction (residence) time for all elements of fluid is the same. A chemical reactor is an equipment unit in a chemical process where chemical reactions take place to generate a desirable product at a specified production rate, using a given chemistry. The reactor configuration and its operating conditions are selected to achieve certain objectives such as maximizing the profit of the process, and minimizing the generation of pollutants, while satisfying several design and operating constraints (safety, controllability, availability of raw materials, etc. ). Usually, the performance of the chemical reactor plays a pivotal role in the operation and economics of the entire process since its operation affects most other units in the process (separation units, utilities, etc. ). Chemical reactors usually fulfill three main requirements: 1 . Provide appropriate contacting of the reactants. 2. Provide the necessary reaction time for the formation of the desirable product. 3. Provide the heat-transfer capability required to maintain the specified temperature range. In many instances these three requirements are to complimentary, and achieving one of them comes at the expense of another. A batch experimental reactor is used for slow reactions since species compositions can be readily measured with time. Batch reactors are used widely in industry at all scales. Batch reactors are tanks , commonly provided with agitation and a method of heat transfer ( usually by coils or external jacket) . This type of reactor is primarily employed for relatively slow reactions of several hours duration, since the downtime for filling and emptying large equipment can be significant. Agitation is used to maintain homogeneity and to improve heat transfer. In a batch reactor it consists of a tank, integral heating and cooling system; one or more fluid reagents are introduced into a tank reactor equipped with an impeller which helps to stirs the reagents to ensure proper perfect mixing. Batch chemical reactors are used for a variety of process operations such as solids dissolution, product mixing, chemical reactions, batch distillation, crystallization, liquid/liquid extraction and popularization. Chemical reactors vary widely in size, shape and method of operation; the simple types of reactor are: batch reactor (BRB); based on omelet mixing, plug flow reactor (PR); based on plug flow, continues stirred tank reactors (CAST); based on back-mix flow and laminar flow reactor (ELF); based on laminar flow. Batch reactors are used both in laboratories and industrial process for prod icing chemicals. In the laboratories, it is used in Of kinetics experimental data for different types Of reacting systems. In industries, it is used for small scale production; especially for situations whereby switching from one process or product to another are required; such as in manufacture of pharmaceuticals. It is also used in the production f polyvinyl chloride (involving suspension of popularization) and emotion popularization latex Generally several factors could influence the rate of a chemical reaction. Some of these factors include: Temperature Concentration State of reactants (that is if they are solid, liquid or gas) Order of reaction Theory The overall mass balance for the stirred reactor can be written as: Rate of change within the reactor = Input -?output-Loss by reaction For batch operation, the overall mass balance can be rearranged to: Rate of change within the reactor Loss by reaction I. E. For a material A: Where: CACAO is input concentration of A in the input stream CA = exit concentration of A in the exit stream RA rate of reaction of A. In homogeneous reaction systems, reaction rates depend on the concentration of the reactants. Collision theory indicates a rate increase if the concentration of one or both of the reactants is increased. Conversely, lowering the concentration should have the opposite effect. However, the specific effect of concentration changes in a reaction system has to be determined by experimental methods. Increasing the concentration Of substance A in reaction with substance B old increase the reaction rate, decrease it or have no effect on it depending on the particular reaction. It is important to recognize that the balanced equation for the net reaction does not indicate how the reaction rate is affected by a change in concentration of reactants. The general form of the rate law for a bimolecular reaction is: The reaction to be studied in this experiment for the batch reactor was for the specification Of ethyl acetate with dilute sodium hydroxide. The equation is as shown below: Specification is the name given to the chemical reaction that occurs when a getable oil or animal fat is mixed with a strong alkali. The products of the reaction are two: soap and glycerin. Water is also present, but it does not enter into the chemical reaction. The water is only a vehicle for the alkali, which is otherwise a dry powder. It is commonly refers to the reaction of a metallic alkali such as Lye (A. K. A. Sodium Hydroxide or Noah) with an animal or vegetable fat, or oil to produce soap. In this reaction, two products result: Soap and Glycerin. The equation is as shown below: The structural formula is shown below: Sodium Hydroxide (Noah) is a caustic base or metallic alkali Noah is used in his experiment which means it will result in a hard soap will result. In specification, the metallic alkali, in this case sodium hydroxide (Noah) breaks down the fat with which it is mixed. In soap making, fats used can either be vegetable oils like olive Oil, or animal fats. When the oil Or fat is mixed with the base the process takes place it can be endothermic reaction meaning it absorbs surrounding heat or exothermic reaction releasing heat. In the reaction the rate is expected to depend on the concentration of A and B. The order of the reaction in both components is first; therefore the action has an overall order of two, since the overall order is the sum of the power order of each of the components. Thus, from Equating equation (1) and (2) it gives: However, if the two concentration are made equal from the start, then; Integrating gives the equation 5 below: From equation (5), a graph of against can be plotted which will give a slope that is equal to rates constant Concentration of hydroxide, is the concentration of reactant A in the exit stream at time t is the initial concentration of Noah is the conductivity of the solution at time t is the conductivity Of the solution at the end Of reaction s the initial conductivity at time t = O The relationship between reaction rate and temperature is explained by Awareness equation which is given as: is the reaction rate constant is the universal gas constant (8. 314] mol-K-1) is temperature is the activation energy (k mol-l) is Awareness constant or pre-exponential factor (5-1) for a first order reaction By applying natural logarithm to both sides, equation 7 above can be re- written as shown below: A plot of against would yield a strai ght line graph from which A can be obtained as the intercept of the line at. The activation energy (EAI) can then be obtained from the slope of the graph which is given as. Thus if the slope, S z, then the activation energy can be estimated as: Reactions with low activation energy are relatively temperature-insensitive while those with high activation energies are very temperature sensitive. Therefore, any given reaction is much more temperature-sensitive at a low temperature than at a high temperature. Thus the batch stirred tank reactor allows to measure rates of reaction by observing the change of reactant concentration within the reactor with time. It can also easily change and control the temperature of the system. Experimental equipment 1 Figure 1: Layout of the experimental equipment Description As seen in figure 2, the experimental diagram shows the equipment used in the laboratory practical and the layout. These include: 1. Arm field batch reactor, which was the main equipment that was used for the experiment to take place where the reactants were mixed in; 2. A stop clock for measuring time (in seconds) after start up as the run proceed; 3. A portable conductivity meter, which measures the time dependent conductivity of the solution in the tank. The unit on the meter is Siemens m-l; 4. Water bath with a thermostat, here ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide were place in other to maintain their temperature; 5. Funnel used to pour ethyl acetate and diluted sodium hydroxide into the batch reactor; 6. Heat controller used to control the temperature for the experiment at the different temperature; 7. Flasks used to measure out 1 liter Of each reactant(ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide); 8. Water solution used to put the conductivity probe inside while the reactants were poured into the reactor; 9. A thermometer for measuring the water temperature. Experimental Procedure 1 . The reaction temperature was initially set to 25 co on the thermostatic tat. 2. Two 1 liter flasks were filled to the mark with sodium hydroxide solution and ethyl acetate solution respectively. They were then placed in the bath. 3. The reaction temperature was set on the reactor control panel. 4. The conductivity meter was set up and its probe end was placed in the bath to come reaction temperature. 5. The flasks were allowed to reach reaction temperature. 6. The solution of sodium hydroxide (1 liter) was added to the reactor, as well as the solution of ethyl acetate (1 liter) was added to the reactor and the clock was started when ca. 50% was added. 7. After 30 seconds, the ca. 200 ml ample was withdrawn from the reactor and straight after that, its conductivity was measured, noting time. The sample was then returned to the reactor and the probe to the bath. 8. This was repeated every 30 seconds for 10 minutes. 9. The experiment was allowed to run for another 20 minutes, this time taking readings every 3 minutes. 10. The experiment was then repeated at different temperatures of ICC and ICC Observations It was observed that the conductivity readings obtained at ICC, ICC and ICC decreases with time.

How Motherhood Impacts On Womens Career Choices Social Work Essays

How Motherhood Impacts On Womens Career Choices Social Work Essays How Motherhood Impacts On Womens Career Choices Social Work Essay How Motherhood Impacts On Womens Career Choices Social Work Essay In most modern-day industrialized states, adult females s engagement rates have been lifting. Since the 1980s, adult females s employment has become more uninterrupted, even among female parents with kids. ( Lewis, 2009:27 ) However, despite of the optimistic lifting employment rate among adult females, the calling interruption due to maternity still has a major impact on adult females s callings. Some adult females opt for part-time occupations after giving birth to child/children while some might go out the labor till their kids reach school ages. This essay aims to analyze the impact of maternity on adult females s calling in footings of adult females s work and care determination and type of plants female parents do under different eventualities. As Windebank ( 2001:269 ) points out that there are great fluctuations in female parent s employment engagement rates and calling forms across states, this essay chiefly focuses on female parents calling picks an d forms in two states, viz. Sweden ( a generous public assistance state which endeavoring for adult females s equality ) and the United Kingdom. The first portion of the essay briefly negotiations about the general impacts of maternity on adult females s calling followed by the descriptions of adult females s calling picks ( e.g. work or care determination ) and calling forms ( e.g. full-time VS. part-time, types of work female parents do ) in the two states mentioned. In the concluding portion, the possible accounts to the forms found in both states will be addressed, such as the economic inducement, societal norms, institutional context, and adult females s instruction degree. And the essay will be concluded by sum uping the impacts of maternity on adult females s calling and discoursing its deductions for policy shapers. Motherhood s Impact on Women s Career The grounds ( Vlasblom and Schippers, 2006:335 ) shows that maternity could hold impacts on adult females s engagement rate both before and after the childbearing. In their article, the female engagement rates in all three states, viz. the Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom, have declined since 12 months before the childbearing and neer return to the original degree 24 months after the childbearing. Hewlett ( 2005 ) besides states that 37 % of adult females take some sort of interruption from work to accomplish appropriate work-life balance. Although 93 % of those adult females who taken a interruption after give a birth to kids want to re-enter the occupation market, merely 74 % are successful, among these merely 40 % return to full clip work. The statistics suggests that maternity does affect adult females s calling to a different grades and it could last over a long period of clip. In general, motherhood itself presents four picks for adult females. First, adult females could stay in their full-time occupations after giving birth to their child/children. Second, they could take a more flexible occupation or a parttime work to accomplish work life balance after going a female parent. Third, adult females could take to go out the labour force for good for their households. Forth, adult females could go forth the labor market temporarily and return to work after a piece ( e.g. when their child/children reach school age ) ( Vlasblom and Schippers, 2006:330 ) . However, adult females who take the last option might happen hard to return to the labor market. As Joshi et Al ( 1996 ) point out that losing of tie with the labor market due to the complete issue could deprecate adult females s human capital and do future entryway hard. Therefore, the longer a female parent is out of the labour force, the harder it is for her to return to work. Mother s Career Choices and Patterns in Sweden Bing one of the most generous public assistance provinces, Sweden is frequently regarded as a function theoretical account in footings of endeavoring for equal adult females rights. In fact, most Swedish adult females work fulltime anterior to give birth and the bulk of adult females do return to paid work ( either long part-time or full-time ) after the pregnancy leave. Harmonizing to the Statistics Sweden ( a taking Swedish official statistics website ) , there are more than 80 per centum of Swedish female parents in the labor market by the twelvemonth of 1999. The high return rate is likely attributed to its long paid parental leave. Harmonizing to the Swedish Law, all parents ( employed prior to give birth ) are entitled to 12 months leave with about 3,600 Pounds income replacing ( up to 80 % of their income before childbearing ) plus 90 yearss of Guaranteed yearss with 6 lbs per twenty-four hours. Besides, parents rights to return to labor market are guaranteed by Swedish la bour ordinances. ( Bjornberg, 2002:34 ) These policies non merely assist adult females to accommodate the work and care balance during the most hard period ( with little kid under 1 twelvemonth old ) , but besides promote adult females to take portion in work force after pregnancy work by guaranting them better opportunities of being employed. As a consequence, kid under 1 twelvemonth is normally taken attention at place by their parents ( chiefly female parents ) . And among kids aged 1-6 old ages, institutional attention alternatively of place attention is normally chosen by Swedish parents as that most female parents could return to their occupations afterwards. The statistics ( Statistics Sweden, 2008 ) shows that 86 % of kids aged 1-6 old ages are in municipal twenty-four hours attention in the twelvemonth 2007. Based on the observations, Bjornberg ( 2002:39 ) suggests that the traditional male breadwinner theoretical account with female parents as homemakers is non supported i n Sweden instead a dual-earner theoretical account is more common and acceptable in Sweden. The high return rate does non happen among female parents with one kid but among female parents with more than one kid as good. As the Swedish policy provinces that the parent is able to bask the same insured income degree if the following child-birth is within 30 months of the old kid. Therefore, it makes possible for female parents with more than one kid to return to labor market after pregnancy leave without worrying about the costs and losing their working rights. It is interesting to observe that many returned female parents in Sweden choose to get down work as part-timers. Traditionally, parttime work frequently associated with features such as low wage, no benefits and low position, nevertheless, parttime work in Sweden has a different significance. The long working hours ( e.g. 30 hours per hebdomad ) gives parttime a non-marginalized characteristic in Sweden. And parttime working female parents are by and large treated likewise to their full-time co-workers and able to hold more liberty in their clip ( Sundstrom and Duvander, 2000 ) . Fagan and Lallement ( 2000:45 ) indicate that parttime workers have integrated into Swedish labor market and received equal intervention in labour jurisprudence and pay constructions . Mother s Career Choices and Patterns in the United Kingdom Prosecuting to be a broad public assistance province , the U.K. authorities has besides come up with expressed policies to accommodate paid work and household life in footings of child care services, child care leave and flexible working hours since 1997. ( Lewis and Campbell, 2007:4 ) Evidence shows that the freshly introduced family-friendly enterprises do hold certain effects in altering the British labor market state of affairss. The mother engagement rate in the market has increased from 24 % in 1979 to 67 % in 1999 ( Dench et al. , 2002 ) although among returned female parents, many engage in part-time instead than full-time occupations. Statisticss ( Social Trends, 2005 ) shows that 40 % of adult females aged 16 to 59 with kids are in a parttime occupation. However, the parttime work has a different definition in UK comparison to that of Sweden in footings of the on the job hours. Part-time female parents merely work approximately 16 hours per hebdomad in U.K. ( Bishop, 20 04 ) which is much shorter than 30+ hours in Sweden. In the facet of public child care system, it is non every bit popular as that of Sweden due to the hapless making of childcare staff in UK and a deficiency of support. ( Lewis and Campbell, 2007 ) In general, alternatively of the traditional male breadwinner theoretical account or Swedish dual-earner theoretical account, Britain parents are taking a one-and-a-half earner theoretical account, which male parents work long hours ( 48+ hours per hebdomad ) while female parents work short hours ( about 16 hours ) . ( Christine and Tang, 2004 ) Therefore, untypical occupation ( e.g. parttime work ) and switch parenting are common in UK. ( Lavalle et al. , 2002 ) Explanations to the Patterns Found Based on the findings of both Sweden and UK, it is clear that maternity affects adult females s calling non merely in the signifier of calling interruptions during childbearing but besides in footings of the after-effects on equilibrating work and child care. There are several similarities found among working female parents in both states, for case, both states have a comparatively high mother return rate. However, parttime female parents in Sweden are apparently to bask a better benefit coverage, position and pay compared to female parents in U.K. In the undermentioned portion of the essay, the grounds account for the different forms observed will be discussed and whether the high return rate reflects adult females s true penchant between work and household will be explored. Harmonizing to Hakim ( 2000 ) , the difference in work and attention determination made by female parents is determined by each adult female s penchant. However, many research workers criticize Hakim s statement by demoing other factors which curtailing adult females s determinations, such as the income degree of the family, institutional context, societal norm and adult females s instruction degree. Household Income Level Household income degree straight limits female parent s determination on work and attention. Harmonizing to Vlasblom and Schippers ( 2006 ) , female parents are more likely to travel back to labor market if the benefit for engagement is larger than its chance costs. For case, most female parents in Sweden choose to work as adult females s income in a family is every bit of import as their spouses in order to keep a high life criterion every bit near as possible to those of families without kids . ( Bjornberg, 2002:36 ) In the instance of U.K. , the lessening in household subsidy in revenue enhancement system during the 1990s has made child care more dearly-won, ( Sainsbury, 1999 ) as a consequence, many British female parents chose to return to workforce during that clip. However, unlike Sweden, high quality and low-cost public child care is non widely spread in U.K. Harmonizing to Taylor s study ( 2003 ) , there are merely 8 % of organisations offering fiscal aid with child care costs and 3 % organisations supplying child care for their employees. Therefore, the deficiency of child care service and the high costs associated with child care outsourcing for working parents has explained the increasing figure of parttime working female parents and the switching child care agreement between parents in U.K. Social Norms Under the traditional male breadwinner theoretical account, female parents are expected to go homemakers while male parents will be the lone income beginning for the family. However, as clip base on ballss by, the societal norm has been changed and working female parents are more acceptable in both states ( Vlasblom and Schippers, 2006 ) . And in Sweden, adult females to hold a paid employment before childbearing is indispensable as the replacement income during 12 months pregnancy leave is determined by adult females s salary degree prior to giving birth. Those female parents who were homemakers do non have any income benefit during the first twelvemonth of kid attention ( Bjornberg, 2002 ) . Such policies, to a certain extent, have reinforced the adult females s importance in the occupation market and increased the credence of adult females s function as workers in general. However, in both states, the increasing in adult females engagement rate and societal credence of working female parents does non fit the alterations in their male partners behaviors. Gershuny ( 2000 ) points out that work forces s engagement in unpaid work is much lower than adult females s engagement rate in paid work. Harmonizing to Elvin-Nowak and Thomsson ( 2001:432 ) , father s work agenda is considered as fixed and inalterable and female parents concern about kids s wellbeing more than male parents do, as a consequence, the dialogues come to rest between the adult female and her scruples instead than between the female parent and the male parent. Uneven distribution of domestic jobs, particularly child care is still prevailing presents. In U.K. , the long on the job hours of work forces has left the child care to female parents chiefly. Without the aid from their partners, it is more hard for female parents to unite the work and child care and therefore, full-time work is f requently non an available option for many British female parents. The state of affairs in Sweden is comparatively better than that in U.K. due to the debut of compulsory Daddy Month policy. However, Even in state like Sweden, fathers merely pass merely half the clip in taking attention of kids as their spouses do ( Gornick and Meyers, 2008:318 ) . Institutional Context Institutional context is one of the most critical factor in determining adult females s work and attention determination. Often, the alteration in female parent s behavior is as a consequence of alteration in institutional policies, such as the reduced in household subsidy mentioned above. Both British authorities and Swedish authorities are taking to advance waged labors through its policies, like extension of pregnancy leave, childcare proviso or flexible working-hour patterns, in order to pull female parents into work force and to increase the labour supply and revenue enhancement base ( OECD, 2005 ) . However, these two states have varied grade of success in obtaining the end. The difference in institutional policies explains why the part-time female parents in Sweden could concentrate on their work better than those of U.K. First of wholly, the public child care is well-developed and widely used in Sweden, hence, most Swedish adult females are able to work long hr parttime or full-time occupation without worrying deficiency of proper attention for their kids. Besides, the debut of Daddy Month in Sweden has increased the male parent s engagement in child care undertaking and therefore, reduces the load from female parents. Harmonizing to the statistics, 77 % of male parent in Sweden took up the whole month leave in 1995. However, the formal child care is either excessively expensive or ailing organized in U.K. which forces most British female parents to care kids in private and restricts their calling development. Besides, the long working hours for British male parents makes sharing private child care more hard and frequently female parents have to alter their working hours in order to accommodate their spouse s more stiff agendas for child care. Therefore, female parents calling in U.K. is more likely to be disturbed than their opposite number in Sweden. Women s Educational Degree Besides the differences in external factors, such as the policies, income and societal norms, the educational degree among adult females besides affect the grade of maternity s impacts on their callings. The educational degree here non merely refers to the initial instruction ( Portela, 2001 ) , but besides the working experiences and personal capablenesss a adult female possesses. Elvin-Nowak and Thomsson ( 2001:407 ) suggests that female parents with different societal background have different maternity experiences and interpreted the significance of the maternity otherwise. In general, low-skilled female workers are more likely to go out the labour force for their kids than those high-skilled workers ( Cantillon at al. , 2001 ) . And Hofferth et Al. s ( 1996 ) survey is consistent with Cantillon s findings, demoing that high-skilled adult females tend to utilize formal child care while low-skilled adult females tend to supply child care themselves. As a consequence, high-skilled adult females are more likely to perpetrate themselves into their work without worrying about the child care. At the same clip, with the high net incomes gained from work, they are able to afford the formal child care while for the low-skilled adult females who can non afford the formal child care with the low net incomes, remaining at place to look after their kids becomes the lone option for them. In UK, 75 per centum of extremely educated adult females with kids aged under 5 old ages old are actively participate in paid work while merely 24 per centum of adult females without makings are in work force. ( EOR, 2001 ) Similar consequences are found among Swedish adult females excessively. Besides, Sundstrom and Duvander ( 2000 ) found that parents with higher educational degree are more likely to portion the domestic undertakings including child care than twosomes with lower educational degree. Therefore, it confirms the position that adult females whose degree of instruction is high is more likely to take portion in work. Decision This essay has examined the maternity impact on adult females s calling pick and forms in Sweden and the U.K. The findings show that both states have an increasing female parent engagement rate. But despite of the optimistic lifting working female parent Numberss in both states, working female parents callings are still affected by the maternity. Not merely that full-time work option is no longer available for many female parents due to the load of child care, parttime working female parents are by and large more hard to concentrate on their occupations, particularly in the U.K where formal proviso of formal child care system is non well-developed. Besides, possible factors, such as household income degree, societal norms, institutional policies and adult females s educational degree, which restrict female parent s work and attention determination, are explored in the essay. However, there are many other factors which could determine the maternity s impact on adult females s calling , for case, the figure of kids. Womans with smaller household size have less calling interruptions and pass less clip on child care, therefore they have better chance to impart their energy into paid work ( Gill et al. , 2000 ) . Besides, the lifting divorce rate and high teenage gestation rate consequence an addition in singe-mother households. Motherhood s impact on individual female parent household could be different from normal households. After analysing the possible factors which affect working female parents callings, how their handiness to the labor market and position could be increased is the cardinal challenge that should be addressed. Based on Sweden and the U.K. instances, it is clear that institutional policies could a powerful tool for making a better environment for working female parents. For case, the Daddy Month introduced by Swedish authorities has been successful in undertaking the unequal division of work among work forces and adult females and this policy could be learnt by other states excessively. In amount, in order to increase working mother s full-time engagement rate and accomplish better work-life balance in the society, authoritiess should put more on the institutional policies. In another word, following the construct of diversity/mainstreaming , authorities should alter the focal point from seeking to suit working female parents into the society to altering the society/organization/cul ture to encompass differences by doing working female parents issue cardinal to every facet of the policy. Word: 2930

Quality Theory and Practice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quality Theory and Practice - Research Paper Example This standard must be a standard that best suits that particular organization. Quality Control component is also very much important to ensure the quality standards within a company. In this component we review the quality of all factors involved in production. Six Sigma and Total Quality Management (TQM) are famous performance appraisal method that used globally today. This component is also very important for maintaining quality. Quality assurance is a way of preventing mistakes or defects in manufactured products. In this component, we also try to avoid problems while delivering goods or service to customer. This component is also very important for maintaining quality. Quality improvement team used to get feedback of all processes of the company. They then send recommendations for improvements in the implementation of standards. Six Sigma is a famous performance appraisal method used globally. Total Quality Management is an important area of study. It has got so much importance so that it is being taught in universities to students of management sciences. One sentence explains Total Quality Management, â€Å"Right thing, at right place, in right time†. This management approach originated in 1950s and become popular in the 1980s. Management Commitment, Employee Empowerment, Fact Based Decision Making, Continuous Improvement and Customer Focus are some principles of the total quality management (www.newagepublishers.com). There are plenty of quality management standards in the world but some quality management standards have got immense importance in the last decade. Among the leading standardization organizations is International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Quality Management System (QMS) of International Organization for Standardization is widely used all over the world. There are other quality management standards like, VDA, AVSQ, EAQF, QS-9000, TS 16949, European Quality-Award,

Should the federal government provide health care for all citizens who Research Paper - 1

Should the federal government provide health care for all citizens who cannot afford their own - Research Paper Example President Obama has put forward measures to adopt such a system but it has not been welcomed by the judiciary and other stake holders of the nation. This move by the president is under scrutiny, in this writing we will focus on whether US can adopt such a system or they are better off without it. The above graph shows that the benefits provided by employers to their employees in private organizations with US has declined, and there has been a steep decline in the amount of health benefits provided by these companies to their employees (Mauersberger 2012). Those in the favor of such a system state that the number of people within US who are living without health care insurance has elevated to the figure of 45 million (Washington, 2000). Organizations are even trying to cut their cost by not providing health coverage in their compensation plan to the employees. Decrease in the rate of wages and layoffs have even promoted individuals and employees of US to live without an insurance plan. All these events have taken place because insurance providers have increased the rate of premiums associated with health plans. Citizens of US do get free medical services for those diseases and illnesses that are not covered by health insurance providers. But there are those who can not purchase insurance services, these people need to be covered by the government otherwise their quality of life will continue to deteriorate. Those individuals and businesses that have already purchased health insurance have to end up paying very high rates of premium. If businesses continue to spend huge amount of their money as premiums, they will have lower amount of money to conduct investment activities and provide employment. Individuals who are paying loads of money as premium for health coverage are spending less on food and other necessities which is resulting in failure of businesses. Thus